Wireless technology is evolving in all the areas of mobile and wireless communication and it is one of the fastest growing areas. In the last decade, wireless technology has undergone a massive growth. The development of wireless technology has now a day reached 7.5 generation (G). This paper focuses on the literature survey to discuss the most popular wireless technologies with their features of various generations which are generally being considered as 0g, 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g, 5g, 6g & 7g. We focus on the evolution and development of different generations of mobile wireless technology and their significance and advantages among others.
Introduction
In recent years, there have been significant changes in mobile wireless communication systems. The mobile wireless generation (G) framework suggests adjusting the concepts of speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, delay, etc. Each generation has certain standards, different capabilities, new technologies, and new features that make them different from the past. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over long distances without the use of wires that is wireless. Over the past few decades, the development of mobile wireless technology is from 0G to 4G. The advance implementation of 5G technology built on the development of the World Wide Web (WWW). Each generation has certain standards, capabilities, techniques, and new features that make them different from previous generations. Due to these new features, the number of mobile phone subscribers is increasing rapidly. Bell’s laboratory along with the cellular system was the result of the development of wireless communication in the 1960s for the development of highly reliable, micro, solid state RF hardware.
A. Zero Generation (0G – 0.5G)
In 1940, pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology was introduced which is the first radio telephone service known as radio telephone. It was designed for public land-line supported telephone networks in cars and only voice communication is possible. These mobile telephones were built into cars or trucks. Military communication was used by mobile radio telephones. In this radio telephony, the large transmitter (single) is placed at the peak of a tall building and the channel (single) used for transferring and receiving data. For enabled transmission and disabled reception, the user pushed a button to talk from one end to the other. This is known as Push to Talk or Press to Transmit (PTT) in 1950. The technology was used by CB-radios, taxis, police cars. Bell Systems launched a system in 1960 called Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS). Some improvements could be made like direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems in the late 60s and early 70s were based on IMT which used 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz.
B. First Generation Technology or 1G
In 1974, the mobile communication system introduced a new generation called the first generation or 1G, which was completed in 1984. In the earlier stage, it was mainly developed to communicate with mobile phones through a network of distributed transceivers. This generation is commonly known as the generation of wireless telecommunication technology popularly known as cell phones. The 1G mobile wireless communication system is an analog frequency modulation system and the technology forming the base for this generation is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) and CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data).
The limitations present in the 1G generation are listed here: a) Unreliable handoffs with low capacity, poor voice links, b) No security of data as it does not allow advance encryption methods, resulting in the user’s identification number being used to make another call. users, c) global roaming services are not available, d) a single channel exists to carry data from the source (caller) to the destination (second caller) and as a result two callers cannot hear each other at the same time and e) voice signals are not converted into digital signals. These disadvantages have motivated scientists and researchers to develop a new communication generation system 2G which is described in the next section.
C. 2nd Generation Technology or 2G
It is based on GSM or in other words Global System for Mobile Communications. It started in Finland in the year 1991. It was the first digital cellular network; had many obvious advantages over analog networks. They were flexible: better sound quality, better security etc. 2G technology has replaced analog technology with digital communication by providing services like text messaging, picture messaging and MMS. All text messages in this technology are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption enables the transfer of data in such a way that only the recipient can receive and read it. 3G mobile technology is designed in 3 different types, including FDMA, TDMA/GSM and CDMA, with their different working methods and features.
FDMA Technology: It works like a radio system by dividing the frequency into equal spectra and affecting the sound quality. FDMA 2G mobile technology is still an analog system with 2G digital modules in a limited area. Instead of splitting the frequency now there is cellular based technology in which geographical areas do not have frequencies and improves the service .
GSM/TDMA technology has made it possible for international roaming. It made it possible for mobile subscribers to use their mobile phones, based on a digital signal, all over the world. GSM allows users to send short messages or SMS at any time through any network available in the mobile. It is one of the simplest and convenient ways of messaging without voice calls or conferencing. This technology benefits both network operators and end users. One of the important applications in this technology is international emergency numbers. It makes it easy for both international and local users to dial anytime they need it without having the knowledge of the emergency number in different locations.
CDMA Technology: In the presence of codes, the operation of CDMA takes place entirely in the bandwidth. CDMA is based on wide spectrum as there were lot of calls going so all of them can be identified based on unique codes in sequence, c) Both sender as well as receiver can use full band by applying their own codes, d) Instead of a single analog call, about dozen calls can be channeled at a time.
D. Third Generation Technology (3G 3.75G)
This third generation of mobile systems provides high-speed data transmission of 144 kbps and higher. This technology is giving high-speed transmission, advanced multimedia and access and global roaming. 3G is used with mobile phones or handsets to connect the phone to the Internet or other IP networks for making voice and video calls, downloading and uploading data and surfing the net. 3G can handle all multimedia applications that involve full-speed video, video conferencing and Internet access. Data is passed over packet switching technology. Voice calls are interpreted over circuit switching. It is the most advanced form of communication for the last ten years.
E. Fourth Generation Technology (4G)
It will upgrade the current communication network to the fourth generation of mobile communication and provide an all-inclusive and secure IP-based solution offering voice, data and streaming multimedia to the user on an “anytime, anywhere” basis and will be more reliable than the previous generation. Much higher data rates than the generations before. The same name described in the name of 4G technology is referred to as magic, here M indicates mobile multimedia; A indicates anytime and anywhere; G indicates global mobility support; I represents an integrated solution for wireless of customized personal services. ITU: High-speed facilities are required to supply at least 1 Gbps with a minimum of 100 Mbps as well as more than 100 Mbps in case of high mobility. The emerging technologies for 4G, namely, WiMax and LTE are much stronger than the strength of Wi-Fi.
F. Fifth Generation Technology (5G)
5G technology includes millimeter-wave technology which involves the use of frequency in the release of frequency spectrum. Also, the possibility also includes more spectrum and much wider channel bandwidth through a frequency of 1 – 2 and above. 5G is the new technology. It will provide all the possible applications using only one universal device and interconnect the already existing communication basics. It will have software defined radio modulation schemes. In this technology terminals have to use different wireless technologies simultaneously which combines different streams of different technologies.
G. Sixth Generation (6G)
Sixth generation technology uses the latest combination of radio and fiber optics technology. We send out through the lens so we don’t have copper cables or grounds. This global coverage in 6G mobile system uses a combination of 5G wireless mobile system and satellite network. It applies to voice, data, internet and video transmission. It also has earth imaging satellite network which collects weather and environmental information.
Navigational satellite network is used for GPS. It is believed that 6G will bring in more rewarding transfer speed of 1GB data, 5G for satellite communication network and global coverage by merging 6G mobile communication network. These are developed in four different countries: GPS developed by USA, Compass system developed by China, Galileo system developed by EU, and GLONASS system developed by Russia. Handoff and roaming is a big challenge in 6G because these satellite systems are different networks. SixG has four different standards pico cell, micro cell, macro cell, satellite cell. So it has to support handoff and roaming between those four networks, but not yet answered how it can be done.
H. Seventh Generation Technology (7G)
7G will be the most advanced generation for mobile communication networks. Comparing with the world coverage, it is almost like 6G but in this case, it will define the satellite functions for mobile communication as well. But 7G will research in the areas of need for mobile phone usage when crossing borders from one country to another, as satellites are also orbiting continuously at particular speeds and in specific orbits, standards and protocols of cellular to satellite system and satellite-to-satellite communication system. The dream of 7G can come true only when all the standards and protocols are defined. Maybe it will be possible after 7G and referred as 7.5g. Yet another method for live broadcasting HD videos for news gathering. Maybe it is going to be the best value proposition for the consumer level user.
Generation 7.5: This generation will offer high speed peak download in addition to peak upload data rate. Space Time Block Code is used within this system so that high definition video transmission can be seen. We can download five movies with 20 GB files in one second and upload 1 GB files or any data. Therefore, it accesses satellite network techniques through OFDM method and FEC to hasten the process of communication. This is possible, and meanwhile achieves higher bandwidth in addition to increasing satellite cell sensitivity due to signal reliability. Although the benefits of 7.5g are in the middle of the ocean, they can communicate with others very easily.
Conclusion
Wireless telecommunication is changing quite rapidly. There has been unmatched growth in the wireless industry within the last years. Different generations are the products of current developments. In this paper we have reviewed the different generations and features of mobile wireless technology. The first generation (1G) has completed basic mobile voice, while the second generation (2G) has introduced capabilities and coverage. Next is the third generation (3G), which is literally trying to get faster data to open the gates for the “mobile broadband” experience, which will be realized next fourth generation (4G). 5G mobile network is built on evolving the user’s terminal that needs to access different wireless technologies at a time. Next, it will move towards the third generation satellite network 6G mobile communication system. The cost of mobile calls in 6G is going to be relatively high, but this problem is going to end and the cost of calls will be reduced in 7G and hence it is beneficial for lower level users
Future Scope
The aim of 7.5G is to provide very high speeds. Highest download and peak upload data rates. Space Time Block Code provides high-definition video transmission within a given area. We can simply download files as easily as 20 GB, and in a second we can upload these files up to 15 GB. It is also navigating with the techniques used in satellite networks, and so it used OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) method for the speed of the communication process and also FEC (Forward Error Correction) which is only possible that the achievement of high bandwidth with better satellite cell sensitivity. The benefits of 7.5G can easily communicate to each other even they are in the center of the ocean.
Read Also:
- A Review Paper On 5G Wireless Technology
- Wireless Technology In Networks
- Sixth Generation (6G) To Seventh (7G) Wireless Communications Visions And Standards, Challenges, Applications
- 6G Wireless Systems: Requirements, Characteristics, And Challenges
- General Architecture Of Wireless Technology
- Hazards Of Mobile Devices And Wireless Communication
- Evolution From 3G To 5G
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