Advances in artificial intelligence and automation will change our entire world. By 2030 30% of human labor will be replaced by robots and intelligent agents. Automation and artificial intelligence are around us now. It has also been found that 10 million service and warehouse jobs are at risk within 5 to 10 years. This type of job includes laborers, cooks, servers, cleaners, and janitors. In the various types of software development field, start-ups focused on artificial intelligence based software testing, debugging, front-end development and may more. In recent years the scale of automation in AI has created fears about employment. This paper discusses about the human perspective on employment by developments in AI and automation.
Until the 1950s, computers were nothing as we imagine them today. They were very slow and far from what we consider them today. A computer from IBM that took the scientific world by storm when it defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov. For the first time the realization hit us that artificial intelligence is here to stay and eventually take over the world. Today we have driverless cars, drones delivering packages to our doorsteps, chatbots acting as therapists. Researchers have created systems that are capable of imitating human thought, understanding our speech and even playing games with us. As our brains are evolving, so are our imaginations and the creations we come up with. Artificial Intelligence may have first started out to replicate our own level of intelligence, but it is now going beyond something that any of us could have imagined. Strong AI makes the bold claim that computers are capable of cognitive mental states, i.e. they think and reason at a level equal to humans. This then becomes human-like AI. The other form of AI is non-human like AI in which all computer programs are developed with completely non-human sentience and a non-human way of thinking and reasoning.
When the industrial revolution first hit, factories and mass production drew workers into the cities and manufacturing put a lot of individual craftsmen out of business. But by cutting costs, machines allowed consumers to get products cheaper and faster. Although some workers were displaced, the “revolution” created new jobs and, over time, employment reached higher levels than before. The new robotic revolution, on the other hand, comes without much fear about a large workforce losing their jobs and means of living. Technology will eliminate many jobs – it has been doing so since time immemorial. After enough thought has been given to how humans can create AI, and whether they should create AI, the figures below give a more complete picture of whether or not AI will take over our jobs.
It is claimed that artificial intelligence is playing an increasing role in the research of management science and operational research fields. Intelligence is usually considered to be the ability to collect knowledge and reason about knowledge to solve complex problems. In the near future intelligent machines will replace human abilities in many areas. Various authors are using different techniques to improve artificial intelligence for the future. Amid conditions of stagnant productivity and potential growth rates in major advanced economies, policymakers expect the “fourth industrial revolution” such as AI and robotics to drive future economic growth. On the other hand, the negative effects of AI and robotics, especially the loss of human jobs, have been actively discussed (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2011, 2016; Frey and Osborn, 2017). This issue has attracted attention from researchers and policymakers around the world, especially in the fields of information technology (IT) and labor (e.g., Krueger, 1993; Domes et al., 1997; Autor et al., 1998; Bresnan et al., 2002; Autor et al., 2006, 2008; Goose and Manning, 2007 .
New technology has enabled people to be very productive. Businesses no longer require large numbers of employees, so individuals can devote their waking hours to hobbies and volunteering. Robotics and machine learning have improved productivity and boosted the economies of many countries. AI has advanced in transportation, finance, defense, and energy management. Yet amid these many potential benefits, there is widespread fear that AI will take jobs and throw millions into poverty. A research center study asked 1,896 experts about the impact of emerging technologies and found that 48% of experts envision a future in which digital agents and robots will displace both white- and blue-collar workers. They expressed concern about how this would lead to masses of people who are effectively unemployed, increased income inequality, and a breakdown in the social order. Using European data, the findings suggest that job losses are likely to be significant and that people should prepare for massive disruption. These various types of fears have been echoed by detailed analyses showing anywhere from a 14 to 54 percent automation impact on various types of jobs. For example, a Bruegel analysis found that 54% of EU jobs are at risk of computerization. On the other hand, Oxford University researchers Carl Frey and Michael Osborne claim that technology will transform many areas of life. They studied 702 occupational groups and found that 47 percent of US workers have a high probability of seeing their jobs automated in the next 20 years. A McKinsey Global Institute analysis of 750 jobs concluded that 45% of paid activities could be automated.
Another recent McKinsey report, “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained,” found that 30 percent of “work activities” could be automated by 2030 and that 375 million workers worldwide could be affected by emerging technologies. Researchers at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) focused on “tasks” as opposed to “jobs” and found minimal job losses. Using work-related data from 32 OECD countries, they estimated that 14 percent of jobs are highly automated and another 32 face a significant risk of automation. Although their job loss estimates are below those of other experts, they conclude that “less qualified workers are likely to bear the brunt of adjustment costs because their jobs are more automatable than those of highly qualified workers. Even if employment falls by 38 percent as these forecasts suggest, Western democracies are likely to resort to authoritarianism, as happened in some countries during the Great Depression of the 1930s in order to retain their restive populations. If this happens, wealthy elites will need armed guards, security details, and gated communities, as is the case in poorer countries.
On the other hand, a study by Gartner Research states that the figures mentioned above are 1.8 million jobs that will be lost in exchange for 2.3 million that will be created instead. This is explained under the following.
1. Even today to date, there are a large number of tech jobs that do not exist. Cutting edge programming, data science, web security, marketing, and sales. It is only reasonable to believe that the need for most of humans to create and manage new technology in various sectors will increase. The motivation is not just to keep the cost of customer acquisition low, but also to ensure that if the business grows 100%, the manpower expands only by 10-15%.
2. Readily available salary data of employees across several industries in developed countries has been compared. The conclusion drawn is that very few people are willing to enter low-paying workforce jobs that require no thinking and that do not allow people to have a decent lifestyle. Young people graduating high school often have vocational-technical skills that allow them to enter the workforce with the skills that are needed. Others opt for vocational-technical or community college programs, where they learn to use the latest technology.
3. China can be seen as a prime example. Automation through AI and robotics has made China a major economic force in the global economy. Because of its focus on automation and new technology, China now exports far more than it imports, and as a result, the global supply chain is being heavily impacted. Smaller countries with less money to invest are seeing some negative consequences, but they can take a lesson from countries like India that have moved into areas of technology that are in high demand. There are jobs – the key is the correct training of people to work within an environment of robotics and AI.
4. Robots and AI are built by humans – they are tools that we use if we give them the right instructions. The point is that humans and technology should work together, with humans in control and technology providing what it is programmed to provide. The idea that technology will replace the need for creative thinking, problem-solving, leadership, teamwork and initiative is rather absurd as an idea so far. The idea that humans can leverage technology to provide a better world for all of us is not absurd, but fascinating. While it may be artificial, it is still intelligence.
5. One of the industries that has seen the biggest disruption of robotics and AI has been medicine. We now have robots and AI tools that can perform astonishingly accurate diagnoses and precise surgeries. The question that is raised here is, “Have we lost doctors to this new technology?” The answer is no. Doctors have simply learned to leverage new technology to provide better healthcare.
6. Robots and AI will definitely replace jobs – boring, dangerous and dirty ones mostly. If we consider why coal mining is dying, we can see that technology is what is left of the mining industry. Green energy is taking over, and with it, a host of new, clean jobs and careers. It is the march of civilization that will never end.
Machines have issues with typographical errors, colloquial conversations and understanding languages other than English or Hindi. The annual Robotics in Graphical View has been mentioned for various categories like Enterprise, Consumer, Medical, Security and Government and other miscellaneous categories. Every year automation has been prominently featured in the field of Enterprise. The second largest category in 2017 found Consumer in the field of Artificial Intelligence.
While technological advancements are creating machines that are capable of making seemingly intelligent decisions, it is still metal, silicon and plastic and it is only as smart as the human who programmed it. The progress made thus far is only the beginning of the enormous impact and accomplishments of the computer revolution, and technological advancements are creating machines, usually computers that are able to make seemingly intelligent decisions, or act as if possessing human-scale intelligence. But nothing can beat the human brain and the complexities and human touch it brings to our jobs and lives. Conclusion: The conclusion is drawn based on the above data and discussion. Businesses no longer require large numbers of employees, so individuals can devote their waking hours to hobbies and volunteering. Robotics and machine learning have improved productivity and boosted the economies of many countries.
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