Anything that has any kind of impact on us is referred to as communication. The sender and receiver are not necessarily connected through any kind of physical media. Such communication that takes place through the virtue of electromagnetic waves (air) is referred to as “wireless communication”. The mind keeps developing different technologies. As is reportedly known through history, society is inclined to adopt new technologies. The impact level varies with the technology being used. Internet connectivity optimization in every sphere of life greatly impacts human society. This paper focuses on the concept of communication technology, how it impacts society, and what is to come for society. The targeted focus technologies are focused on developing bandwidth, increasing speed, quality of service (QoS) over existing technologies. This paper gives the introduction of the upcoming fifth generation 5G, technical details, and comparison of kits with the impacts of 5G on industries.
The world is witnessing a tremendous amount of changes in the field of wireless communication. Those days are just passing when we use landline phones and are well taken over by smart phones. The present communication is not just voice or visual communication, but communication through mobile and wireless internet is ‘everything’. These have everything from the smallest size of memory to the largest size of memories, with incredibly fast speeds compared to the older ones, excellent quality of sound and video and even the finest qualities of cameras. Talking of technology, 5G is making a noise around and is going to replace 4G very soon in data connectivity. The stream of technology has covered a long way to reach this point of time. From 1g to 2.5g and 3G to 5G this world of telecommunication has seen numerous refinements along with advancements in performance every single time. The interdependence of mobile and interoperability-enabled services on the network and services of 5G is going to be established in phases in the next few years. The arrival of 5G in the telecommunication market is going to cause a revolution in tariff plans. It is going to permit the way cellular plans were supposed to be expanded globally. It will create a completely new sense of communication among people as their experience is going to be positive and enriching in that way. In fact, the technology is actually created mainly to architect a world without any obstacles, like the ones people were facing during the prior generations.
5G, or fifth generation, is the new cellular technology developed to greatly improve the response speed of wireless communication. As estimated, data can be transferred over a broadband wireless connection at a maximum speed of 20 Gbps through 5G. The number of data to be transferred will also be multiplied as there will be the availability of a larger bandwidth with more sophisticated systems of antenna. It will also enable mobile operators to create multiple virtual networks on a single 5G network.
Airtel has carried out the first trial test of 5G in India at its Network Experience Centre in Manesar, Gurugram. Some of the most important features of 5G are:- • It will bring in high speeds (enough to download a movie in a few seconds) • It will certainly possess high capacity (about 1,000 times the capacity of 4G) • Low latency (i.e., stop delays) It is designed to deliver high resolution and bigger bandwidth • It will gather networks on one platform • Low battery consumption • Multiple connections can work simultaneously • Provide seamless and consistent connectivity • Access multiple services parallelly, open • Enable access from remote location
Over the years, there have been many views about what this latest technology is all about. In general, there are basically two views of what 5G technology should be:
1. Hyper Connected View: In this view, the requirements focus on further enhancing technologies already in practice such as 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-Fi and other wireless systems for full geographic coverage.
2.Next Generation Radio Access Technology: This view of requirements takes more of a technology approach with specifications for data rates, latency and other key parameters. These requirements for 5G will clearly state what features are keyed off as 4G and wireless 5G systems.
Reviewing on the basis of need for most industry acceptance, the 5G standards are those that have reached the following industries:
• It should require 1-10Gbps connections to endpoints in the field (i.e. not the theoretical maximum) • It should require 1 millisecond end-to-end round-trip delay-latency • There should be 10-100x the number of connected devices • It is said to have 99.999% availability • Assumption of 100% coverage • There is going to be a 90% drop (reduction) in network energy usage • Up to 1 year battery life for low power, machine-type equipment The widely varying requirements of 5G are making many to assume that this new network is going to be an umbrella that will hold multiple different radio access networks to work together.
Some of the applications of 5G are going to be
• It comes in the form of a device that can be worn with the capability of artificial intelligence • It is going to be a stakeholder to the wider (global) network. • Media independent handover will be part and parcel of • Radio resource management • It will develop a voice over IP, enabled device.
1G is also referred to as the first generation of wireless communication technology introduced in 1980. In 1G, the land area was divided into several sub areas, known as cells, and there was a radio network to cover each cell with a transceiver. This generation used analog transmission techniques that were originally meant for voice signals.
Some of the standards of 1G are as follows:
• Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) • Total Access Communication System (TACS) • Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
All these standards use frequency modulation techniques to transmit voice signals and handover decisions were taken at base stations (BS). Also, packet switched data was used for transmission between the wire part of the connection and the PSTN (Packet Switched Telephone Network).
The key points of 1G are as follows
• It was developed in the 1980s and completed in the early 1990s.’
• 1G technology was based on analog system
• The Speed 1G technology up to 2.4 kbps
• 1G technology Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country.
The second generation telephone technology is based on the Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications. It was commercially launched in Finland in 1991 on the GSM standard, thus allowing a much higher intensity of penetration. The main features of 2G are:- • The bandwidth used is from 30 Hz to 200 kilohertz (kHz) • Services like SMS and MMS are also supported • MMS service is also available for receiving • All types of messages are used • Digital encryption is used. Roaming facilities • Voice is transmitted through digital signals • It provides data speeds up to 64 KBPS 2G technologies can be either one of the following, one of which can be either Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). CDMA is again classified into GSM, PDC, IDEN and IS-136. IS-95 is the CDMA technology.
Main features of 2G
• It flourished in the late 1980s and thrived in the late 1990s
• It is based on digital systems
• It can reach speeds up to 64 kbps
• It gives services like digital voice and SMS with greater clarity
It also had a semi-global feature
3G, the third generation, also called International Mobile Telecommunications 2000, are also the standards that the International Telecommunication Union or ITU states. The fundamental requirement to comply with the IMT-2000 standards is that the technology should allow reaching peak data rates at or above 200mbit/s to a stationary or moving user and 348kbit/s within a stationary vehicle. The spectral efficiency of 3G was far better than that of 2G. It has been invented, keeping in mind the objective of efficient multimedia communication. The idea of IMT was conceived in the mid-1980s at ITU.
Approval for the standards of these next generation systems consumed about more than ten years. These have been nominated under the brand name as IMT 2000. The technical specifications allowed for bandwidths of 400 MHz to 3 GHz in view of satisfaction with the third generation. This product of working between several parties has been under development, either within the framework of ITU (here two other sub-organisations ITU-R and ITU-T) and outside the latter like 3GPP, 3GPP2 and UWCC, etc. The agreement paved a way for the complete interoperability of mobile systems. It supports five radio interfaces, which are based on three technologies – FDMA, TDMA, CDMA. The radio interfaces that have been supported include: IMT-DS, IMT-MC, IMT-SC, IMT-TC, IMT-FT. 3G technology basically had three technologies. It was not the reason why it was naming as 3G. The technologies are CDMA2000 – Code Division Multiple Access. TD-SCDMA-Time-Division Synchronous Code-Division Multiple Access. W -CDMA (UMTS) – Wideband Code Division Multiple Access.
Some of the key points of 3G technology are:- • Developed between the late 1990s and the late 2000s and is in prevalent use till date.
• In the year 2005, 3G was ready to come with performance in computer networking (WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phones and GPS). • The transmission speed changed from 125 kbps to 2 mbps. • Excellent voice quality • Resolution of video that is bright enough on video conferencing • According to the protocol of packet switching technology, sending data packets and voice calls will get interpreted circuit switching. Mail, PDA, and information surfing On-line shops/ banking and multi-media messaging services, multi-gaming systems, 3D games Surfing using 4G
It refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards that ended the third generation. Carriers who use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing instead of TDMA or CDMA are touting their services as 4G. The standard 4G or LTE is about seven times faster than 3G. The theoretical speed of 4G is about 1 Gbps.
Some of the key points of 4G are:- • Flourished in the year 2010 • Much faster and more reliable • Its speed varies up to 100 Mbps • It has near super high performance • It provides possible global roaming • It provides cellular as well as multimedia services
Comparison of all the generations on the basis of mobility, bandwidth, and services.
The entire life of human beings is provided over the internet in the form of applications like Zomato, Myntra, Netmeds, SBI, to transport to health and other professional services like banks, teaching, reservation, etc. and with the development and deployment of 5G technology, the society will be comfortable, and it will provide service effectively and efficiently based on its speed and quality. Below is the table that shows an exact comparison line up of the five head technologies under communication section based on quality of service, speed, bandwidth and applications.
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